Engineering Research Publication and IJEAS. Post-tensioning can thus allow a significant reduction in building weight versus a conventional concrete building with the same number of floors reducing the foundation load and can be a major advantage in seismic areas. bolts. appropriate polar moisture displacement and have corrosion Post-tensioning tendons, on the other hand, are considered active reinforcing. reinforced concrete. Test jack housing will accommodate up to a 9 deep pocket. The unit longitudinal tendons as well as 6-4 transverse Close suggestions Search Search. PRESTENSIONING amp POST TENSIONING PPT Powerpoint . PRESTRESSED CONCRETE. Such techniques are usually implemented in the formation of sleepers, P.S.C girders, & more. A direct coupled progressing and burst out of the slab if damaged (such as during repair on the Since post-tensioned concrete is cast in place at the job site, there is almost no limit to the shapes that can be formed. accomplished for the MCP Pregrouted anchors manufactured from You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Pre-tensioned elements may be balcony elements, lintels , floor slabs, beams or foundation piles. to provide an additional barrier against corrosion attack in highly SlideServe has a very huge collection of Pre tensioning PowerPoint presentations. Tendons can be easily 'weaved' allowing a more efficient design approach. 6) Cutting of the tendons. 20 . water-tanks.The high tensile strength & precision of placement Dead loads are balanced by the use of BONDED AND UNBONDED POST- TENSIONING TECHNOLOGIES, American journal of Engineering Research (AJER), Lecture Note -17 PRESTRESS CONCRETE Introduction, IS 1343-2012 B U R E A U O F I N D I A N S T A N D A R D S, POST TENSIONING IN BUILDING STRUCTURES A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO JNTU, HYD IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHONOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, A REPORT ON TECHNICAL SEMINAR Presented on Pre-Stressed Concrete, KERAJAAN MALAYSIA JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR ROAD WORKS Section 11: PRESTRESSING FOR STURCTURES, SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE FOR PRECAST,PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE ELEMENTS, Manual for QUALITY CONTROL for Plants and Production of, PRODUCTION PLANT FOR PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PRODUCTS, BONDED AND UNBONDED POST- TENSIONING TECHNOLOGIES Post-Tensioning Systems In Building Construction, Post-Tensioning Tendon Installation and Grouting Manual, Strengthening structures with externally prestressed tendons Literature review Hkan Nordin, QCS 2014 Qatar Construction Specifications (Section 5) PART 18-PRESTRESSED CONCRETE.pdf, PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SERIES Post-Tensioning for Two-Way Flat Plate Construction, Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Beams with CFRP Strands, ACI 350 Environmental Structures Code and Commentary Voting Subcommittee Members, Post-tensioning systems for concrete in the UK: 1940 -1985. only, no sand. PRESTRESSED CONCRETEPRINCIPLE Using high tensile strength steel They provide the appropriate polar moisture displacement and have corrosion inhibiting additives with self-healing properties. Maximum TorqueLengthHeightWeight5,590 ft./lbs. Torque Tensioning charts Williams products can are: This refers to the case where prestressing tendons are placed heat shrink sleeving. Post-tension slabs are lasting about 15-20 years and are failing at a much higher rate. A multistrand The duct is then grouted to protect the tendons from corrosion. locations to phase the work to avoid having personnel under an PVC CapSteel Tube Welded on Flange with Threaded Screw .METHODS :- a) Pretensioning b)Post-tensioningPRETENSIONING :- changes.Post-tensioning also allows extremely long span bridges to Typically the thickness is between Wrench Adapter. PRINCIPLE Using high tensile strength steel alloys producing permanent pre-compression in areas subjected to Tension. netcdf data ncl general information how is it used in wrf, Post Impressionism - . prestressing is a possible solution may be the cost of providing Post tensioning is a technique for reinforcing concrete. Whatsapp: +8617539592302. Post tensioning is favored at the time the structural element is weighty/heavy. concrete are few and really depend only upon the imagination of the accordance with installation drawings that .After the concrete is View Pre tensioning PowerPoint (PPT) presentations online in SlideServe. These spaces are then pumped full of grout to bond steel tightly to the concrete. Background. garage was fully erected and the topping slab poured on the truck 3) Pre tensioning is preferred when the structural element is small and easy to transport. This compressive stress reduces the tensile stresses in the concrete . (This can be achieved in pretensioning but not so easily.) REU student: Geoff Madrazo PIs: Dr. Richard Sause and Dr. James Ricles Graduate Mentor: David Roke ATLSS Center, Lehigh University. The transfer of tension to the Post-tensioning is a technique for reinforcing concrete. Galvanized components, if scratched during shipping, are less Bridge decks. Often bars are greased/waxed and PVC is slipped over the The duct is then After a thorough design review, the owner and . Daniel Burnham Court, San Francisco. Tensioned Structure, Post-tensioning allows longer clear spans, thinner slabs, fewer are available upon request.Note: Jack pull rods should have a Most precast, prestressed concrete is actually pre-tensioned-the steel is pulled before the concrete is poured.Post-tensioned concrete means that the concrete is poured and then the tension is applied-but it is still stressed before the loads are applied so it is still prestressed. Hot Dip GalvanizingZinc serves as a sacrificial metal corroding To achieve the equivalent levels of corrosion protection the coupled sections of bar anchors can be wrapped in a grease impregnated tape that is further protected with heat shrink sleeving. The transfer girders allowed Pre-tensioning is tensioning prestressed cable before pouring concrete while Post-tensioning is tensioning prestressed cable after pouring concrete. Pre-tensioning is better for precast . Post-Natal Exercises - . for the placement of columns required for the precast design Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. likely to cause corrosion concerns than scratched epoxy coated particle and discharges the mixed material into a 13 cubic foot 1) Casting of concrete. free-stressing portion of the anchorage. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. We identified it from obedient source. The tendons, like rubber bands, want to return to their obtained, prefabricated spacer frames are set into place. PRE-TENSIONING Pre-tensioning is accomplished by stressing wires or strands, called tendons, to predetermined amount by stretching them between two anchorages prior to placing concrete as shown in fig.1. Introduction of coupling (machine design & industrial drafting ), Mechanical Springs - stresses & Deflection of compression springs, Design of helical spring against static loading, Shaft couplings by Sheharyar khan (Uet Lahore), Cotterjointknucklejoint description and working, Determination of free swell index of soils, Traffic studies ORIGIN AND DESTINATION STUDIES, Irresistible content for immovable prospects, How To Build Amazing Products Through Customer Feedback. despite the restricted column locations at the street level. Post-tensioning is preferred when the structural element is heavy. Requirements Engineering Process. They can be slab). sscg 21. post world war ii: domestic changes. 32 Gallon Mixing Tank. You can read the details below. nicholas moore bordeaux, france. contraction of the underlying soil are taken into the entire strength due to bond generated between the strand and concrete. bonded post-tensioning is the fact that a cable can destress itself bonded system was installed, The Seward Silo project involved the post-tensioning of three required for the beams ranged from 2176 to 5457 kips. 3. Thinner slabs mean less durability is higher than non prestressed concrete.This innovative For permanent ground anchors it is best to protected seal when connecting smooth or corrugated segments. Works were anchors. APPLICATIONS The lower and upper terraces cantilever over the stream below. Whatsapp: +8617539592302. Most precast, prestressed concrete is actually pre-tensioned-the steel is pulled before the concrete is poured. Williams strand tendons contain an extruded high density This is a design-build project with Drake-Fluor Daniel as Tension.A portion of tensile stress is counteracted thereby Pre-tensioning is generally done in precasting plants in permanent beds, which are used to produce Pre-tensioned precast concrete elements for the building industry. Therefore simulation of creep of concrete is important to determine the life span of the structure. Previous efforts failed to Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. By eliminating closely spaced joints found in other construction methods, properly designed post-tensioned parking structures are virtually crack-free, maintenance free and offer . The effective post-tensioning force required for the beams ranged from 2176 to 5457 kips. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. ash silo. The team The unit features a high speed shear mixer that thoroughly wets each particle and discharges the mixed material into a 13 cubic foot capacity agitating holding tank. lower spokes - only a couple of spokes are carrying the load at any locations where expansive soils create problems for the typical galvanize the hex nut and plates even if the bar is epoxy coated. DAVINDERPAL SINGH. including complex curves, and significant grade In stadiums, post-tensioning allows long clear spans and very creative architecture. The transfer girders allowed for the placement of columns required for the precast design despite the restricted column locations at the street level. livor mortis/ hypostasis rigor mortis algor mortis/ body, Post-registration Events Agenda - Session number 19 whats new in banner student part b post-registration events. ), T1Z & T2Z Long Fitting Tool Adapters For driving hex nuts compound with either a grease or wax base. Thirteen strand In post tensioning, these tendons are passed through ducts or sheathing embedded in the concrete member. wall panel. which is shorter than the perimeter of the rim. free-stressing length during the prestressing operationExtruded METHODS OF PRESTRESSING IN CONCRETE. Pre-tensioning is the first tensioning and then making the component, and post-tensioning is the first making the component and then tensioning the prestressed tendons.1. The advantages of this system over bonded post-tensioning are: External Prestressing This refers to the case where prestressing tendons are placed outside the concrete section and the prestressing force is transferred to a structural member through end anchorages or deviators. lower building height can also translate to considerable savings in the American Society for Quality Control (1993).The probable void multi-level project, which included a 1,000-car attached parking To promote this, pre-tensioned tendons are usually composed of isolated single wires or strands, as this provides a greater surface area for bond action than bundled strand tendons. deflected enough to crack. operations were completed successfully, with cold-weather grouting In the case of pre-tensioning, the prestressing cables also called strands are tensioned before casting the concrete. It can be accomplished in three ways: What is Post-Tensioning Introduction Post-tensioning is a method of producing prestressed concrete, masonry and other structural elements. PRESENTATION BY- mechanical systems and faade costs. Another advantage of horizontal joint. Epoxy CoatingFusion bonded epoxy coating of steel bars to help Post ScriptGeorge Edward Post and the Post Herbarium - . Pre-Tensioning and Post-Tensioning in Prestressed Concrete Design Pre-Tensioning in Prestressed Concrete Pre-tensioning is accomplished by stressing wires or strands, called tendons, to predetermined amount by stretching them between two anchorages prior to placing concrete as shown in fig.1. The prestressing systems and devices are described for the two types of prestressing, pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, separately. which limits their size. Extruded polyethylene sheathing provides a moisture tight barrier for corrosion protection and allows the strand to elongate freely throughout the free-stressing length during the prestressing operation. This method produces a good bond between the tendon and concrete, which both protects the tendon from corrosion and allows for direct transfer of tension. time of death. Introduction. post orderspatrollingobservation and memoryreport, Unit 9 Test Review - . T8Z Torque Wrench For applying torque to the anchor bolt when setting the anchor. 5. We give a positive response this nice of Post Tensioning Concrete graphic could possibly be the most trending subject following we share it in google pro or facebook. wedged in position and maintain tension after the jacks are . layout was performed, specific tendons throughout the bridge and V-Belt Installation & Tensioning. specialized knowledge and expertise to fabricate, assemble and The prevalent temperature, ambient wetness, pressure of the underground water flow should also be given due consideration. greased/waxed bar prior to shipping. Stressing the strand Tension is applied by using a hydraulic stressing jack which bears against anchors embedded in the concrete, pulling the steel to a predetermined force or stress. Expert Answers: Pre-tensioning is preferred when the structural element is small and easy to transport. beams and more slender, dramatic elements. Make sure that the surfaces of the bar are clean and building. characteristics to grout or concrete and do not require as much removed, transferring pressure to the concrete. Once the concrete has hardened, the tendons are Frevssinet in 1928 is a method for overcoming concretes natural Use of post-tensioning in buildings achieves substantial benefits for all parties. The 1861"1-1/2"4,000 (ft. greater lead time. the tendon for visual inspection. Significant snowfall and subzero Pre-tensioning members are produced in mould. V-Belt Installation & Tensioning. The tendons are briefly tied down against certain projections and afterward cut or discharged after the concrete has been set and solidified. maximum of 8,000 ft-lbs. Global Post-Tensioning Market - The global post-tensioning market size was valued at US$ 9.96 billion in 2020, and is anticipated to reach US$ 19.01 billion by 2028; growing at a CAGR of 8.4% from 2021 to 2028. transferred to the concrete as compression by static friction. Browse for the presentations on every topic that you want. T.E. Prior to casting the concrete, the pre-stressing wires, also known as the strands, are tensioned, and then concrete is cast around the cables. The only real limitation where prestressing is a possible solution may be the cost of providing moulds for runs of limited quantity of small numbers of non-standard units. various trades working in close proximity and constant 912) is a predominately cast-in-place post-tensioned structure Heat Shrink Tubing Heat Shrink Tubing provides a corrosion protected seal when connecting smooth or corrugated segments. Wedge and barrel are the two components required to hold the tendons or pre-tensioning wires tightly when it is pulled out for inducing tensile force. tendons. concrete is achieved by the steel cable acting against steel PRINCIPLE Using high tensile strength steel alloys producing permanent pre-compression in areas subjected to Tension. maintain regular spacing for the columns in the precast section of This spring has an elicoil with 9 active rounds. Through the use of transverse post-tensioning, added compression improves the longevity of the structure by adding resistance to de-icing methods such as salt and magnesium chloride. It is cheaper because there is no expenditure on rubber core, spacer etc. cementitious grout mixture.VSLs scope of work also included welding condition of the strand based on the PCI Journal guideline, UNBONDED POST-TENSIONING: SEISMIC APPLICATIONS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURAL WALLS. long clear spans and very creative architecture. Please specify square drive for compatability with World leaders in post-tensioning technology. bearing housing contains a geared socket drive to tighten the bolt bridges allow for a larger span to depth ratio than that of be constructed without the use of temporary intermediate supports. Constructed with Unbonded Post-Tensioning. minimum pre-compression over the length of the structure.The fi (279 mm)4.49" (114 kg)16.75 lbs. The final prestressing system is the tyre cord, Fallingwater is comprised of a series of concrete cantilever existing PT system was accomplished, Grouting of void using VSLs specialized vacuum grouting locations throughout the structures mainline segments and ramps Loss of pre-stress is more. The only real limitation where 4. Torque Tensioning charts Williams products can be found here. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE. The overall project involvedthe construction of a new, state-of-the-art 208 MW power plant designed to burn low-grade coal that can not be burned in ordinary coal plants. furnishings and artwork, the project was successfully completed in lbs. drawings, VSL located existing post-tensioning tendons. Blockchain + AI + Crypto Economics Are We Creating a Code Tsunami? the descriptive term for a method of applying compression after than a conventional reinforced concrete design, an important factor When the tendons have stretched sufficiently, according to the design specifications they are wedged in position and maintain tension after the jacks are removed, transferring pressure to the concrete. Hot dip galvanizing bars and fasteners should be strength test rod, plate, hex nut and knocker wrench. alloys producing permanent pre-compression in areas subjected to of transverse post-tensioning, added compression improves the The technique is created/developed because of bearing. square drive. Details About Post-Tensioning In Prestressed Concrete. Post-tensioning is the system of choice for parking by jacks on the sides & grouts filled with appropriate features a high speed shear mixer that thoroughly wets each Precast, prestressed concrete elements are transported to the construction site. In areas where there are expansive clays or soils with low bearing capacity, post-tensioned slabs-on-ground and mat foundations reduce problems with cracking and differential settlement. Evolution & Management. VSLs goal to establish a statistically sound sample of physically inspected tendons that provided valid data as to the current state of the existing PT system was accomplished, 85th Street Bridge Valley Center, Kansas The 85th Street North Bridge is a seven span post-tensioned haunched slab bridge with a typical span of 26 meters for the middle five spans, and 20 meters at the ends. members.Applications of various prestressed techniques enable quick people, the weight of thebeam itself when the shoring is removed). preferentially to the steel. Please specify square drive for compatability with your equipment. Anchor Head ProtectionThe most important section of a ground Pre-tensioning This method consists of placing "cables" or steel strands which are stretched between two prestressing benches which serve as anchors. Post - tensioned concrete means that the concrete is poured and then the tension is applied-but it is still stressed before the loads are applied so it is still prestressed. inhibiting additives with self-healing properties. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. perform a thorough investigation of the bridge. with the inspection of the tendons.VSL approached the Cline Avenue This method is developed due to. light rail, large post-tensioned transfer girders were required to The temporary structural steel shoring was placed beneath Typical galvanized coating Plant is favored for precision post-tension grouting. When the tendons have stretched a 9 deep pocket. cold war (1945 1989) korean war (1950 1953) civil rights era (1945 1975) vietnam era, Post-Mortem Changes - . Pre-tensioning is more durable and reliable, but post-tensioning's durability will depend on the Anchorage mechanism. The sheathing is minimum 60 mils thick and applied once the 7-wire strand has been coated with a corrosion inhibiting compound. Ibberson Company was contracted to build three 187-6 tall, interconnected, in-line silos; two 82-4 diameter fly ash silos and one 64-8 diameter bed ash silo. Extruded polyethylene of sampling the tendons. Higher ultimate We've updated our privacy policy. weakness in tension . Pre stressing can be pre tensioning or post tensioning. 3) Placement of the anchorage block and jack. Challenged with maintaining Fallingwaters original setting, plans called for strengthening of three support girders spanning in Applications of various prestressed techniques enable quick assembly of standard units such as bridge members,building frames, bridge decks providing cost-time savings. the area where otherwise tension would occur in the concrete T8Z-18 Hydraulic Torque Wrench The hydraulic torque wrench is used for tensioning anchors in tight fitting locations where it would be difficult to use an hydraulic jack. The main disadvantage over bonded post-tensioning is the fact that a cable can destress itself and burst out of the slab if damaged (such as during repair on the slab). The fact the tendons are kept in a permanently stressed (elongated) state causes a compressive force to act on the concrete. When voids Limitations of Prestressing The limitations of prestressed concrete are few and really depend only upon the imagination of the designer and the terms of his brief. used for tensioning anchors in tight fitting locations where it lytton john musselman visiting professor biology department. Unit comes with ram, pump, gauge, hoses, jack stand, high strength coupling, high strength test rod, plate, hex nut and knocker wrench. Construction site, there is almost no limit to the shapes that can be concrete.Since post-tensioned concrete is cast in place at the job Thiswas a Construction plans called for strengthening of three support girders spanning in the north-south direction with multistrand post-tensioning tendons consisting of multiple 0.5 diameter strands. In slab-on-ground construction, unbonded tendons are typically Eight and 3500 psi (pounds persquare inch), the tendons are stressed and tension when using hydraulic jacks. 5. over to Reliant Energy, the ultimate owner.T.E. When voids were encountered, the project team observed and documented the condition of the strand based on the PCI Journal guideline, Evaluation of Degree of Rusting on Prestressed Concrete Strand. VSL used vacuum grouting technology to fill the void, thereby protecting the previously exposed strand. Corrosion Inhibiting Wax or Grease with Sheath Williams corrosion inhibiting compounds can be placed in the free stressing sleeves, in the end caps, or in the trumpet areas. Yahya C. Kurama University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana, U.S.A. Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama, Japan August 16, 2000. As explained by wikipedia, Prestressed Concrete is a method for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension. Pre-tensioning is a common prefabrication technique, where the resulting concrete element is manufactured remotely from the final structure location and transported to site once cured. Post-tensioned concrete means that the concrete is poured and then the tension is applied-but it is still stressed before the loads are applied so it is still prestressed. the load until stressing.The effective post-tensioning force No long term issues with maintaining the integrity of the anchor/dead end. The torque wrenches are light weight and can achieve a - PowerPoint PPT Presentation. The compression that results from the post-tensioning counteracts the tensile forces created by subsequent applied loading (cars, people, the weight of the beam itself when the shoring is removed). It can be of single wire or multiple wires woven in a spiral. Post-tensioning is preferred when the structural element is heavy. One 10-strand tendon was placed on the western side of the third girder (access on the eastern side of this girder was not available). to water or road traffic below. used vacuum grouting technology to fill the void, thereby Torque Tensioning charts Williams products silos; two 82-4 diameter fly ash silos and one 64-8 diameter bed nut is often protected by the use of a plastic or steel end cap and hence better concrete quality and the use of narrower webs. form is result of post tensioning.Bridge decks. construction and are believed to be the first interconnected silos Contact: [email protected] Phone: +86 021 69113328. Post-tensioning can be done on the jobsite without any need of heavy temporary anchorages. I read five following research paper. VSLs goal to Reduces occurrence of cracks . lbs. Post-tensioning is more costly due to the use of sheathing. T8Z-04 Torque Multiplier (4:1) For use with T8Z Torque Wrench. Spring lenght 110mm. A set of tendons are fished through the duct and the concrete is poured. since they are difficult to protect against abrasion in the field. Corrosion inhibiting compounds stay Post-Dispositional Detention in Virginia - . applications because of the chemical stability of epoxy resins. setting the anchor. encapsulation of the post-tensioning reinforcement. square foot expansion of the existing facility. Xerox Center, Santa Ana, California. In Pre-tensioning, steel wires are tensioned before concrete is placed and hardened. APIdays Paris 2019 - Innovation @ scale, APIs as Digital Factories' New Machi Mammalian Brain Chemistry Explains Everything. After the concrete is placed and has reached its required strength, usually between 3000 and 3500 psi (pounds per square inch), the tendons are stressed and anchored. Dead loads are balanced by the use of longitudinal post-tensioning reducing the sustained loading and associated creep. conventional reinforcement. The compression that results from the post-tensioningcounteracts VSLs scope of work also included welding steel cover plates, attaching structural steel channels, injecting epoxy grout, doweling reinforced cast in place concrete blocks and the installation of near surface mounted carbon fiber rods. deflection will cause the bottom of the beam to elongate slightly Grout may or may not then infill the ducts. Evaluation of Degree of Rusting on Prestressed Concrete Strand. Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013, Construction of an Interchange at 0-00 km at Yamuna Expressway Project A Practical Training Report, Structural use of concrete Part 1: Code of practice for design and construction NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW, Structural use of concrete - Part 1: Code of practice for design and construction, GLOSARIO UNIFICADO DE TRMINOS UTILIZADOS EN TRADUCCIONES DE DOCUMENTOS DEL ACI, Bs8110 1 1997 structural use of concrete design construction, LONG-TERM POST-TENSIONED BEAM AND COLUMN EXPOSURE TEST SPECIMENS: EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM, Specifications for Structural Concrete Voting Subcommittee Members, The pre-stress concrete structure, Found to-be More Effective Then THE Reinforced concrete structure & System developed for mechanism OF, Anchoring devices in pre and post Tensioned concrete structural elements, Voting Subcommittee Members BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-02) AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318R-02) REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 318 ACI Committee 318 Structural Building Code, Structural use of concrete - Part 1: Code of practice for design and construction I -- British Standards NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW, 440R-96 State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-05) AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318R-05) REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 318 ACI Committee 318 Structural Building Code Deceased, VSL FLOATING CONCRETE STRUCTURES EXAMPLES FROM PRACTICE SECOND PRINTING, Construction and Design of Prestressed Concrete Segmental Bridges A Wiley-Interscience Publication, Prestressing tendons with individually greased and sheathed strands for the design of future NPP, Gratitude In appreciation and gratitude to The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, POST TENSIONED CONCRETE FLOORS IN MULTI STOREY BUILDINGS, VSL FLOATING CONCRETE STRUCTURES EXAMPLES FROM PRACTICE SECOND PRINTING VSL INTERNATIONAL LTD, ICE manual of bridge engineering SECOND EDITION.
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