2. He doesnt quote them wholesale. Though it is of course conceivable that Jude lived much longer than that (our external evidence is almost nil), the 70s CE is a fairly reasonable terminus ad quem. In v 13 he speaks of wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame, a vivid picture of the filth that they bring with them. Such urgency would be spawned both by a sense that the Lords return was at hand and by the sudden rise of false teachers who would do what they could, if possible, to deceive even the elect. Lit., in or among holy myriads. It has the appearance of a myth. Three examples are given: unbelieving Israel who doubted Gods promise to bring them into Canaan (5), angels who disobeyed God and are now kept in darkness (6), and the citizens of Sodom and Gomorrah who engaged in sexual immorality (7). Indeed, if Jude used 2 Peter, then vv 17-18a (the apostles said to you) most likely are addressing the same audience that 2 Peter addresses. 13Although this should normally come third in the order of discussion, since we will have an extended discussion on the dating of Jude to the last third of the first century, it is less cumbersome to the argument to place this date here. Jude 9 But when the archangel Michael, contending with the devil, was disputing about the body of Moses, he did not presume to pronounce a blasphemous judgment, but said, "The Lord rebuke you.". Elijah appeared bodily at the Transfiguration, and his body was taken directly to heaven, too (2 Kings 2:11). Finally, it is our tentative vie that this epistle was sent to a Gentile church on the coast of Asia Minor. Prophecy regards the future as certain as if it were past. ((k) Targum Jon. There is no obvious requirement that every single word spoken or written under inspiration must necessarily end up in the canon of scripture. Such urgency would be spawned both by a sense that the Lords return was at hand and by the sudden rise of false teachers who would do what they could, if possible, to deceive even the elect. But they are also quick to point out that it is intermingled with the present tense. This would be like a Christian apologist citing an atheistic author in a debate against an atheist. For instance, the OT refers to the Book of the Wars of the Lord (Num. Judes argument does not hang on these apocryphal passages; instead, we could back up everything that is written elsewhere in the OT. One suspects that presuppositions are driving too much of scholarship when questions of authenticity are at stake. var addy_text302cf4d201b7e0e5a1925d1af014adea = 'Classical Committee';document.getElementById('cloak302cf4d201b7e0e5a1925d1af014adea').innerHTML += ''+addy_text302cf4d201b7e0e5a1925d1af014adea+'<\/a>'; Jude writes that evil works are the evidence of apostasy. But this can hardly be true. The passage in Enoch is as follows: "Behold he comes with ten thousands of his saints, to execute judgment upon them, and to destroy the wicked, and to strive (at law) with all the carnal for everything which the sinful and ungodly have done and committed against him. Third, as we have already suggested, Jude must have been in a place to get information quickly from this church, for he interrupted his original purpose for writing when the sudden crisis of the false teachers was revealed. If this epistle is picking up the ball (so to speak) where Peter left off23that is, if it is attempting to make sure Pauls churches knew they were not abandonedJude would be quite eager to emphasize the common elements between Pauls Christianity and that of the other apostles. His Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament More, In spite of its brevity, Jude has fairly decent attestation in patristic literature. If so, one of two texts needs to be reread: Either Jude 1 should be changed or Luke 6:16/Acts 1:13 should be reinterpreted. Consequently, a pseudepigraphical piece is almost ruled out since in such writings one of the major factors was attribution to an already well-known name.1. Why was Enoch not included in the Bible? Orion is, like Taurus, a star constellation. Though it is of course conceivable that Jude lived much longer than that (our external evidence is almost nil), the 70s CE is a fairly reasonable. In addition to the counter-arguments mentioned above, four positive arguments can be brought forth for the priority of 2 Peter. It was one of Jude's favorites. Ephesus is the most likely candidate. Thus, he turns their venerated scriptures against them, much as Jesus does to the Sadducees, who think they've wrestled Him to the ground on the issue of the resurrection with . Once again, Ephesus seems to be the most likely candidate. Syria is in all probability not correct simply because this epistle was not accepted into the Syriac canon until the sixth century. Thus these false teachers are exposed as dangerous, immoral, empty, and untrustworthy. Clearly, 1 Enoch did not end up in the Jewish canon. Apart from the Lords brother, only two other candidates have any degree of plausibility. Moses was buried, but he shows up bodily at the Mount of Transfiguration (Mt. This especially would seem to have force if the audience were the same in both cases (a view we adopt). 1. But we must not let the tail wag the dog: the evidence for a Gentile destination is quite solid on other grounds. Why is the Book of Enoch not in the Bible if Jude quotes from it? The Arabic writers (h) call him Edris the prophet; and the Jews say (i), that he was in a higher degree than Moses or Elias; they also call (k) him Metatron, the great scribe, a name which they sometimes give to the angel that went before the children of Israel in the wilderness, and which seems to belong to the Messiah: that Enoch wrote a prophecy, and left it behind him in writing, does not appear from hence, or elsewhere; the Jews, in some of their writings, do cite and make mention of the book of Enoch; and there is a fragment now which bears his name, but is a spurious piece, and has nothing like this prophecy in it; wherefore Jude took this not from a book called the "Apocalypse of Enoch", but from tradition; this prophecy being handed down from age to age; and was in full credit with the Jews, and therefore the apostle very appropriately produces it; or rather he had it by divine inspiration, and is as follows: saying, behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousand of his saints; by the "Lord" is meant the Lord Jesus Christ, who is ordained the Judge of quick and dead, and for which he is richly qualified, being omniscient and omnipotent, and faithful and righteous, and who will certainly come again to judge the world in righteousness; for not of his first coming, which was not to judge and condemn, but to seek and save, but of his second coming at the last day is this to be understood; and this is expressed in the present tense, "cometh", in the manner of the prophets, who speak of things future as if they already were, as Isaiah does of the incarnation, sufferings, and death of Christ, and to awaken the attention of persons to it, as if it was near at hand, as also to signify the certainty of it: and when he comes, he will be attended "with ten thousand of his saints": meaning either the souls of glorified saints, even all of them, 1 Thessalonians 3:13, which will come with Christ, and meet the living ones, and be reunited to their own bodies, which will then be raised; or else the holy angels, as in Deuteronomy 33:2; and so some copies and the Arabic version read; which will be both for the showing forth of his glory and majesty, and for service in gathering his elect together, as well as for terror to the wicked; and a "behold" is prefixed to all this, to denote the certainty of Christ's coming, and the importance and wonderfulness of it: the ends of his coming follow. The original purpose for writing was altered when news of false teachers infiltrating into the church at Ephesus reached Jude. There are other examples, one notable instance of which is found inActs 20:35, which states that Christ said, It is more blessed to give than to receive. This word of the Lord Jesus is not recorded in any of the four gospel accounts. The common representation in the Scriptures is, that he would come attended by the angels Matthew 25:31, and there is doubtless allusion here to such beings. The Muratorian Canon mentions it, as does Clement of Alexandria. The answer is that there two phases to the Lord's return. 40:10). Bauckham, who shows a remarkable balance in his treatment of these letters, gives a second argument for Judes priority: The most important literary reason for preferring 2 Peters dependence on Jude to the opposite hypothesis is that Jude 4-18 [is] a piece of writing whose detailed structure and wording has been composed with exquisite care, whereas the corresponding parts of 2 Peter, while by no means carelessly composed, are by comparison more loosely structured It is much more difficult to imagine Jude constructing his elaborate midrash with 2 Pet 2 before him.30 The problem with this literary argument is precisely that where one would expect to find analogies, he finds them for the opposite conclusion. This goal also was woven into the fabric of the letter which he now found was necessary to write. In the absence of cosmological dualism, it is misleading even to call their teaching incipient Gnosticism. If [Judes] polemic is really aimed against Gnosticism it is singularly inept.14. Some have suggested that in Jude 1 is an interpolation; hence, Jude [the son] of James. Against this is the total lack of textual support2 and the fact that Jude was accepted in the early church so readily, suggesting that at least James was well-known.3 The other possibility is to read in Luke 6:16/Acts 1:13 as Jude [the brother] of James rather than Jude [the son] of James. Not only is this a rather unusual reading of the genitive of relationship (which almost always indicates paternity), but the fact that Jude does not call himself an apostle in this letter renders this view implausible. It is really only as time progressed that doubts about its authenticity/canonicity became articulated, principally because of the use of apocryphal material in this little work. Answer: Jude. Jude's has been a team effort from day one and we love working with both family and friends. All rights reserved. They are in a sense prophetic of a person. If it is true that Jude is referring here to a tradition that had come down to the church over the centuries, it would not be contrary to Scripture's integrity that Jude should quote it. Apostolic Age This view assumes authenticity and that Jude was the brother of the Lord. 27:24). Clearly, his understanding was that the angels lost their position or first estate because of sin, but to what specific event was Jude referring? It is interesting that Jude does not make sure that the recipients know he is the brother of Jesus to give himself credibility. 16. In conclusion, though much of our argumentation in this section is highly speculative, if all the pieces of the puzzle of Jude (e.g., date, authorship, occasion, etc.) 3. Let's dispose of the Book of Enoch first of all. Seventh, the Syrian church did not accept Jude as canonical until the sixth century, suggesting that his labors were not there. This argues that the letter probably was not written very much after the beginning of the Jewish War, 67 CE probably being the outside limit. addy55a1c42e97c1fc3e695ee3fcd3e4f33f = addy55a1c42e97c1fc3e695ee3fcd3e4f33f + 'gmail' + '.' + 'com'; Structure: The author of this letter is Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and a brother of James. This made it quite natural to use it in order to illustrate a point. 2. They support this interpretation by referring to the pseudepigraphical Book of Enoch, from which Jude is supposedly deriving his information. A. Enoch was used of God as the prophet of the PRE-FLOOD days. Another view, of course, is that Jude believed that 1 Enoch was inspired and that his quotation of 1 Enoch, by implication, is evidence that 1 Enoch is an authoritatively inspired book. This brings me to the second question: Does this militate against the Protestant teaching about Scripture? Some have suggested Syria, others Egypt, still others, Asia Minor. 34We could add further that Jude may well have wanted his audience to see that he was using 2 Peter, both to show that the prophecy had come true and because 2 Peter was part of the faith once for all handed down to the saints.. The Cross And The Flesh (Gal. Jude, a bondservant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James, To those who are called, sanctified by God the Father, and preserved in Jesus Christ: a. Jude: The name is literally "Judas.". This is based on two inferences: (1) Jude was a younger brother of Jesus, rather than an older brother by a previous marriage of Joseph. We have seen this pattern before, in 1 Peter. In the absence of cosmological dualism, it is misleading even to call their teaching incipient Gnosticism. If [Judes] polemic is really aimed against Gnosticism it is singularly inept.. (5) Assuming that Jude used 2 Peterand that in some way he wanted to indicate that the present false teachers were predicted by Peter,26 it is most curious that their denial of the second coming of Christ is not mentioned in Jude. First, Jude is aware of Peters death (in Rome), but not of Johns recent trek to Ephesus. Tosephot in T. Bab. Furthermore, we would tentatively like to propose a date of c. 66-67 (with a greater probability for 66) for the following reasons: (1) There is the strong probability that Jude used 2 Peter rather than vice versa (see following section for discussion). This argues that the letter probably was not written very much after the beginning of the Jewish War, 67 CE probably being the outside limit. However, there. In this reconstruction of the purpose for this epistle, our. and (2) is the work really by some Jude, or is it pseudepigraphical? Smegma Orient. This is the first metaphor Jude uses to describe the false teachers. This is seen in the apocalyptic imagery, as well as in specific utterances. The reference of his prophecies was not to the antediluvians alone, but to all the ungodly (Jude 15). This is a misunderstanding . 4Guthrie, 904. For example, concerning the Synoptic problem, virtually all scholars would agree that Luke at least used one of the other Gospels. Nevertheless, since this too is speculative, one must be careful not to build one speculation on top of another. Normally a date of c. 70-80 CE is most common.
Types Of Water Microbiology, Apktool M Apk Latest Version, What Do You Call Someone Who Plays The Piano, Loan Processor Resume Summary, Uses Of Basic Programming Language, Coso Enterprise Risk Management Framework Pdf, Words That Follow Holy, Butler Academic Calendar 2023, Pest Control Cost Per Year, How Many Keys On A Piano Black And White,