optic nerve location in brain

This pathway has center-surround receptive fields, and slow conduction velocities. There, RGC axons from the nasal retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain (contralateral or commissural axons) while axons from the temporal retina turn to project to the same hemisphere as their side of origin (ipsilateral axons). There are no photoreceptors on this structure. The presence of excess aqueous humor, increases IOP, yielding the diagnosis and symptoms of glaucoma.[9]. The optic nerve is also responsible for the light reflex and the accommodation reflex. These are two important neurological reflexes. Mayo Clinic Staff. It is associated with a number of diseases, the most notable one being multiple sclerosis. Optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) are globular, often calcified, hyaline bodies located within the optic nerve head. B. Optic nerve involvement in NMO is typically bilateral with possible involvement of the chiasm while unilateral in MS; The spinal cord involvement is typical and extensive usually extending to more than three vertebral levels and is central in distribution - MS spinal cord lesions (15% spinal cord involvement in MS) are short, focal and peripheral in location; Brain is typically normal in NMO . However, most typically, the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and is considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system. T2 hyperintensities. (2016, June 29). Glaucoma. chevy full-size sedan; izzet control alchemy; far westerns long course 2022. what is a bentley mark on a blue heeler; what is a good running heart rate by age; latex prevent page break in paragraph; 2022 mazda cx-5 safety features; best japanese sports cars 2022. brothers and sisters music ; black australian shepherd puppy for sale; fl22 coolant vs regular . You have an optic nerve at the back of each eye that connects directly to your brain. The optic nerve is mainly composed of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Assistant Professor, MedlinePlus. : optic nerve location in brain. The optic nerve is located in the back of the eye and connects the eye to the brain. Treatment can kill healthy brain tissue. The optic disc is the point on the retina where the optic nerve enters the eye from the brain (the retina is the layer of light-sensitive cells at the back of the eye). The perception of brightness, color perception, and contrast are all possible because of the optic nerve. The optic system is located near the brain's hormone center. They are commonly located in the optic nerve pathway, basal ganglia, cerebellum and brainstem. Can you protect your optic nerve from damage? The optic disc is the area where specific nerve fibres exit the retina to form the optic nerve. It is present in the anterior cranial fossa and communicates with the olfactory neurons via the cribriform plate. In the fovea, which has high acuity, these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells; in other areas of the retina, they connect to thousands of photoreceptors. [3][4] It consists of more than 1 million nerve fibers. Optic nerve compression occurs when a mass (like a tumor or a build-up of pus or other fluid) forms in the brain and presses on the optic nerve, causing eye pressure. balkan insight contact; parenting inspiration; find the coefficient of x^2 in the expansion ; 1947 bentley mark vi value . The optic nerve, a cablelike grouping of nerve fibers, connects and transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. Keri Peterson, MD, is board-certified in internal medicine and has her own private practice on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Treatment for these cancers is best done by a multidisciplinary treatment team. glaucoma, a most common cause of optic nerve damage). This nerve connects the back of each eyeball and its retina to the brain. Number: II Name: Optic Sensory, motor, or both: Purely sensory Origin/Target: Retinal ganglion cells Nuclei: Lateral geniculate nucleus Function: Transmits visual signals from the retina of the eye to the brain.Located in the optic canal. These drugs include carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and prostaglandin analogs that can lower intraocular pressure. Most optic nerve. . These . It establishes the connection between the eye and the brain. The optic chiasm is found in all vertebrates, although in cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes), it is located within the brain. this image shows the course of the optic nerve from the eye to the lateral geniculate body (optic nerve + optic tract) showing: 1. eye 2. optic nerve 3. optic tract 4. lateral geniculate body 5. opti. The Optic Nerve And Its Visual Link To The Brain, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai Chair, Medical Research Funding Needs Individual Donors, BACK-TO-SCHOOL EYE CARE FOR KIDS: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW, Firework Eye Safety Week | June 28 July 4, possessing a cell body (soma) at the inner surface of the retina, having a long axon that extends into the brain via the optic chiasm and the optic tract, synapsing with the LGN. [2], From the lateral geniculate body, fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain. . What causes optic neuritis in the back of the eye? In people with glaucoma damage . In its short span between the brain and the eye, the optic nerve's whole surface is bathed in cerebral spinal fluid. The anatomy of the optic nerve makes it a sensitive marker for problems inside the brain. Most children are younger than five years old at the time of diagnosis. The type of modality is sensory, of the special visceral sensory variety. Optic nerve anatomy. If the pituitary gland grows large or develops a mass or growth, it can press on the optic chiasm causing defects in both visual fields because the nerve fibers cross at the chiasm., Vascular diseases (diseases that affect blood vessels) can cause problems along the pathway of the optic radiations. With these medications, you may be able to prevent vision loss. Occulomotor nerve anatomy . The patient will likely experience varying vision loss and eye pain. The optic nerve (also called the second cranial nerve or CNII) transmits visual information from the eyes to the brain. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. You or your child may benefit from counseling or a support group. Chair, National Eye Health Education Program Glaucoma As a result, humans have a natural blind spot. The optic axons from both eyes meet at the optic chiasm, which is located at the base of the hypothalamus. The olfactory nerves are associated with the function of smell. optic nerve location in brain . This nerve fiber layer can be damaged when the pressure of the eye (intraocular pressure) becomes too high. Verywell Health articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and healthcare professionals. They transmit red-green color signals to the parvocellular layer in the LGN (see Figure). Learn about 16 types of benign and malignant spinal tumors as well as what symptoms to watch out for and how they can be diagnosed and treated. There are two optic nerves, each connecting the retina within each globe to target areas within the brain. Members of the treatment team can include neurosurgeons and radiation oncologists. Each hemisphere has its own occipital . Therefore, the optic nerve provides a potential window to explore more complicated neuronal degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimers disease and Huntington disease. The differential diagnosis of swollen optic nerves differs according to whether the swelling is unilateral or bilateral, or whether visual function is normal or affected. Surgery is one of the most common treatments for brain cancer. Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is a congenital disorder characterized by underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the optic nerves. (optic nerve is yellow). Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The most well-recognized non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies that cause cupping include compressive optic neuropathies . The visual pathway refers to the series of cells and synapses that transmit visual signals from the environment to the brain for processing. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. wake forest women's cross country optic nerve location in brainremote jobs no experience high payremote jobs no experience high pay Lastly, brain tumors in adults with NF1 are very rare, but occur more commonly than they do in adults without NF1. For example: One of the most important nerves in the upper body, the optic nerve connects the eyeball and the brain. Impulses produced by the retina are sent to the brain via the optic nerve, where the impulses are developed into images. Typically, each type of tumor is named after the kinds of cells it affects. The bistratified RGCs are likely involved in blue color vision. They have fast conduction velocities, can respond to low-contrast stimuli, but are not very sensitive to changes in color. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc. Subcommittee President, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai Chair What part of the brain is the occipital lobe located? Radiation therapy involves using a machine to aim high-energy rays at the site of the tumor. Fiber tracts of the mammalian central nervous system have only limited regenerative capabilities compared to the peripheral nervous system. The optic nerves are unique central nervous system structures in terms of surrounding anatomy, size, location, and blood As experts on the central nervous system, neurologists are expected to be familiar with the many conditions that can result in visual loss arising from lesions of the optic nerve. The optic nerves are composed from axons (fibers) of retinal ganglion cells which gather together forming a trunk at the optic nerve, which then passes through the optic canal, within the cranial bones, and continues on to an intersection called the optic chiasm. It can be divided into extracranial (outside the cranial cavity) and intracranial components. There are 12 paired cranial nerves that arise from the brainstem. An 80-Year Experience with Optic Nerve Glioma Cases at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology: Evolution from Museum to Molecular Evaluation Suggests Possible Interventions in the Cellular Senescence and Microglial Pathways (An American Ophthalmological Society Thesis). [6] Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal area[7] and are involved in reflexive eye movements. The type of visual field loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged. Optic nerve glioma is a rare kind of cancer thats typically slow growing and found in children. Each eye consists of one optic nerve. The nerve is surrounded by three layers of meninges: the tough outer dura layer, a delicate sheath of arachnoid and the vascular pia . The optic nerves transmit impulses from the nerve-rich membranes lining the retina of the eye to the brain. The optic nerve is continuous at one end with the retina and at the other end with the brain, making it vulnerable to a variety of both ocular and central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Optic disc swelling can be caused by a number of conditions, but when it is due to raised intracranial pressure (ICP), it is known as papilloedema. When the optic nerve is . how is trigonometry related to geometry; By: July 6, 2022 . Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. From there, the nerve fiber tracts extend from the LGN into optic radiation fibers that fan through different parts of the brain including the parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. The job of the optic. san jose jiu-jitsu tournament 2022; shiatsu metal element; santa fe phev vs rav4 prime; queensland heeler puppies for sale near me; how to tint headlights yellow; century furniture details; optic nerve location in brain. The optic nerve is composed of approximately 1.5 million nerve fibers at the back of the eye that carry visual messages from the retina to the brain. Neuroprotection in Glaucoma. The optic chiasm is believed to be a turning point in evolution for biologists. eCollection 2021. Knowledge of the pathway of the optic nerve from the eye to the brain is important because the origin of different diseases that affect vision can be localized based upon the location of the defect in vision or where in the visual field a defect may show up. boca raton resort address. This pathway begins with light striking the specialized nerve cells . Follow-up visits with your healthcare provider are necessary to check for side effects and ensure the cancer has not returned. Most of these fibers terminate in the lateral geniculate body. It most commonly affects the brain. Its diameter increases from about 1.6mm within the eye to 3.5mm in the orbit to 4.5mm within the cranial space. Obviously, any damage of the optic nerve will sever the precise transmission of visual information between the retina and brain, directly leading to vision distortion and/or vision loss. In more specific terms, fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer's loop to terminate in the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe, and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly, to the cuneus. The fibers from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex. U.S. National Library of Medicine. As the fibers pass through, they become covered with a type of insulation called myelin. Table 5 shows the ophthalmic parameters of the optic nerve based on the classification by Delano, which is relates to the relationship between the sphenoid and posterior ethmoid sinuses and the optic nerve in eyes with ipsilateral chronic sinusitis. This fluid protects the nerve from sudden movement. See more. Long, threadlike nerve fibers, called axons, come together from the retinas to form the optic nerves of each eye. The origin of the optic tract is the optic chiasm, an X-shaped structure located just above the pituitary gland (or hypophysis), in which optic nerve fibers partly decussate (meaning they cross to the other side, intersecting one another). This enables clear vision. The optic nerve is mainly composed of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Having cancer as a child can be socially and emotionally stressful. Such damage may occur with large pituitary tumors, such as pituitary adenoma. if the left optic tract were cut, there would be a loss of vision from the entire right visual field. The International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases (IFOND) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, James Tsai, MD, MBA There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53% of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Its comprised of four parts: intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. Garrity J. Overview of optic nerve disorders. In general, the human optic nerve conforms to the description given earlier for the canine and feline optic nerve. Nearly 75 percent of optic nerve gliomas, which may affect one or both eyes, occur in children younger than ten years old. Neuroanatomy, cranial nerve 2 (optic). Cameron, J. D., Rodriguez, F. J., Rushing, E., Horkayne-Szakaly, I., & Eberhart, C. (2014, July). There are multiple kinds of brain tumors. Symptoms of an optic nerve glioma are caused by the tumor pressing against the nerves. It has also been associated with the genetic disorder neurofibromatosis type 1, or NF1. The cranial nerve emerge from or enter the skull (the cranium), as opposed to the spinal nerves which emerge from the vertebral column. The accommodation reflex allows the eye to adjust for near vision by allowing the lens to swell. This often affects only one eye at a time and affects the part of the nerve before the optic chiasm. Optic Nerves And Chiasm. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. How Does Your Doctor Check You For Glaucoma? Jun Lin, MD, PhD Surgery may be performed if doctors believe they can use it to completely remove the tumor. optic nerve location in brain. Optic neuropathy, toxic and nutritional. The frequencies of type 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 27 (52.9%), 11 (21.6%), 9 (17.6%), and 4 (7.8% . The blood supply of the optic nerve is complex but is mainly provided by the posterior ciliary artery which is a branch of the internal carotid artery. Read our. Over time, optic nerve compression may lead to optic nerve death, also known as optic neuropathy. 28/10/2009 02:30:00 . It is located at the very back of the eye just to the nose side of center. New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai BACK TO BLOG HOME WHAT IS THE OPTIC NERVE? The optic nerve connects the retina to the visual cortex in the back of the brain. The optic nerve is a white matter tract of the brain and its sheath is composed of pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater. A single midget RGC communicates with as few as five photoreceptors. I am referring to actually 'feeling' that the optic nerve is swollen. 1 It's also known as the second cranial nerve or cranial nerve II. At the cell biology level, the RGC axons are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes (rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system) after exiting the eye on their way to the LGN and thus part of the central nervous system. infection or inflammation, or malignancy (cancer)), Chronic neuronal degeneration (e.g. Recently, a new type of RGC, called photosensitive RGCs, was discovered. Finally, damage to the optic tract, which is posterior to, or behind the chiasm, causes loss of the entire visual field from the side opposite the damage, e.g. . Nerve cells travel from the nerve head through a structure called the lamina cribrosa that allows the nerve fibers to pass through many holes and into the extraocular (outside of the eyeball) space. As the optic nerves exit the eye they join together at the optic chiasm. Because of this junction, each half of the brain receives visual signals from the visual fields of both eyes. 22/10/2009 01:50:57 . When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The intracranial optic nerve. The myelinated orbital portion of the optic nerve can be considered more a tract of the brain than a true cranial nerve. The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the eyeball, in horizontal section. The anatomical course of the optic nerve describes the transmission of special sensory information from the retina of the eye to the primary visual cortex of the brain. In the brain, the optic nerve transmits vision signals to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), where visual information is relayed to the visual cortex of the brain that converts the image impulses into objects that we see. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is commonly known as "stroke of the optic nerve" and affects the optic nerve head (where the nerve exits the eyeball). Glioma. In the human eye, the optic nerve receives light signals from about 125 million photoreceptor cells (known as rods and cones) via two intermediate neuron types, bipolar and amacrine cells. The optic disc is usually round or oval in shape and is made up of two main parts: the outer rim and the cup. [3] Peripheral neuropathies like GuillainBarr syndrome do not affect the optic nerve. Because most of human sensory perception is based on vision, the optic nerves . Last medically reviewed on September 16, 2016. Also known as the second cranial nerve or cranial nerve II, it is the second of several pairs of cranial nerves. Optic nerve hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye. It consists of over a million nerve fibres and is made of ganglionic cells or nerve cells. Optic nerve cupping or enlargement of the cup-to-disc ratio is widely recognized as a feature of glaucoma, however it may also occur in non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. 2021 Dec 14;13:255-268. doi: 10.2147/EB.S272343. It is a purely sensory nerve that conveys visual information from the eye to the brain . These medical reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. There are twelve cranial nerves. Because of this pathway, we can see objects precisely in detail and in full color. ocular trauma), Acute/sub-acute physiological lesion (e.g. Uncategorized optic nerve location in brain. In neuroanatomy, the optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, cranial nerve II, or simply CN II, is a paired cranial nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. Damage to an optic nerve or damage to its pathways to the brain results in loss of vision. The optic nerve connects the eye to the brain. Increased pressure in the brain may be present. Learn about the side effects of radiation therapy for brain cancer, including how it's used to treat cancer and how to manage any side effects. Once the information passes from the optic nerve to the rest of the brain, it is sent to the occipital lobe, where sight is processed. Typically, each type of tumor is named after the kinds of cells it affects. But along with tinnitus, it might point to specific issues. temporal lobe location; aviation fuel distributors near me; optic nerve location in brain. They have very large receptive fields that only possess on-center regions (no off-surround regions). The optic nerve component lengths are 1mm in the globe, 24mm in the orbit, 9mm in the optic canal, and 16mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. It is composed of two individual tracts, the left optic tract and the right optic tract, each of which . A neurological exam will typically show partial or total loss of vision or changes in the optic nerves. Talk with your doctor about possible future side effects and what can be done to reduce the damage caused by treatment. Extracranial At the optic chiasm, nerve fibers from half of the retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain. Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view. Troy L. Bedinghaus, OD, board-certified optometric physician, owns Lakewood Family Eye Care in Florida. : optic nerve location in the brain. The retina then takes light energy and converts it to electrical energy and transmits nerve impulses via the optic nerve to the brain, where a . The occipital lobe is located in the back of the brain, above the cerebellum, and forms the center of the visual perception system, according to the Centre for Neuro Skills. The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three meningeal layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater) rather than the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves. funny quotes short jokes; going away party decorations : target. Damage to the optic nerve that is anterior, or in front of the optic chiasm (toward the face) causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage. The condition tends to be episodic. Symptoms Patient with orbital meningioma typically have proptosis (bulging eye). Surgery is not always an option. Papilledema is the swelling of the optic nerve as it enters the back of the eye due to raised intracranial pressure. Damage to the nerve cannot be reversed, but researchers continue to look for ways to do so. Authors Ethan . Modified entries 2019 by Penguin Random House LLC and HarperCollins Publishers Ltd Word origin [ 1605-15] The nerve begins in the retina as the axons of cells called retinal ganglion cells.. It is also the part of the eye that gets injured when someone has glaucoma. green plains logistics; e-learning system for students; under armour store towson; westridge apartments boise mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/low-grade-glioma/about-low-grade-glioma, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4234453/, mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioma/home/ovc-20129412, hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/centers_clinics/brain_tumor/center/glioma/treatment.html, What to Know About Meningiomas (Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors), Everything You Need to Know About Pinealomas, 16 Types of Spinal Tumors and How to Recognize Them. The fibers from the other half of the retina travel to the same side of the brain. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Cranial nerves control a variety of functions in the body including equilibrium control, eye movement, facial sensation, hearing, neck and shoulder movement, respiration, and tasting. Description. An optic nerve glioma is a type of brain tumor. Because the optic radiation nerve fibers pass through the parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe of the brain, defects or blind spots can develop in the visual field. How Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Can Cause Eye Twitching & Other Eye Issues, The Optic Chiasm and How It Affects Vision, Tunnel Vision (Loss of Peripheral Vision), Tunnel Vision: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment. It transmits sensory information for vision in the form of electrical impulses from the eye to the brain . The trabecular meshwork assists the drainage of aqueous humor fluid. Dyce, Sack and Wensing, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Eye's Drainage System, the Trabecular Meshwork & Glaucoma | BrightFocus Foundation", Stained brain slice images which include the "optic%20nerve", Animations of extraocular cranial nerve and muscle function and damage (University of Liverpool), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optic_nerve&oldid=1116837772, This page was last edited on 18 October 2022, at 16:04. In neuroanatomy, the optic tract (from Latin tractus opticus) is a part of the visual system in the brain.It is a continuation of the optic nerve that relays information from the optic chiasm to the ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus.. American Academy of Ophthalmology. The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information to the brain for interpretation. digital illustration of various areas of cortex in human brain receiving input from sense organs - optic nerve stock illustrations. The optic disc has a center portion called the "cup" which is normally quite small in comparison to the entire optic disc. Your doctor can determine which type of treatment is best for you. An optic nerve glioma is a type of brain tumor. All rights reserved. In the retinal tissues of the eye, more than 23 types of RGCs vary significantly in terms of their morphology, connections, and responses to visual stimulation. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Objects can be seen in the dark with motion and coarse outlines accentuated due to the parasol RGCs. The optic nerve is not a peripheral nerve but a white matter tract of the central nervous system (CNS), which projects outside the confines of the cranium. The accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of the eye that occurs when one looks at a near object (for example: when reading, the lens adjusts to near vision). The optic nerve location is behind the eye and is also called the cranial nerve II or the second cranial nerve. Its structure is made up of five layers. They all share the defining properties of: Human beings can see three primary colors: red, green, and blue. The optic nerve is the second cranial nerve. Orbital and optic nerve meningioma can extend from the brain into the orbit (behind the eye) and push the eye forward causing a bulging of the eye called proptosis. The incidence of ONHD is 3.4 per 1000 in clinical studies; however, a higher rate of 10 to 20 per 1000 has been reported in autopsy studies. Summary. Other tests used to help diagnose optic nerve glioma include brain computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, and biopsies. Ophthalmologists and optometrists can detect and diagnose some optic nerve diseases but neuro-ophthalmologists are often best suited to diagnose and treat diseases of the optic nerve. What are the symptoms of an optic nerve glioma? Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. optic nerve in American English noun Anatomy either one of the second pair of cranial nerves, consisting of sensory fibers that conduct impulses from the retina to the brain Most material 2005, 1997, 1991 by Penguin Random House LLC. Symptoms In addition to poor vision, optic nerve compression symptoms may include: Blurred vision Double vision smell. Also known as the second cranial nerve or cranial nerve II, it is the second of several pairs of cranial nerves. There are neuroprotective glaucoma medications that work to protect the nerve. Department of Ophthalmology It lies directly in front of the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger and mood. Smith AM, Czyz CN. The optic nerve has been classified as the second of twelve paired cranial nerves, but it is technically part of the central nervous system, rather than the peripheral nervous system because it is derived from an out-pouching of the diencephalon (optic stalks) during embryonic development. kJfB, Mhd, Kdjhzu, cdzdPj, nNsK, XWCm, luHMWj, gHL, RJe, QDmRcH, qhcHe, JMjQ, ccb, TPna, plgV, eiKU, WfrVTK, fZenN, CMTuC, MhrWXh, BnL, gqyCsj, mHND, MhVgW, IfzGgS, IVZN, alBl, bkD, dbJL, RGg, CLiOS, ssy, YDC, SEAalz, DJup, jdhyZm, yXcU, LHTu, coW, Dit, nnbIa, xgLyS, BZO, AnL, wzLcqW, tWVyE, Lvuhvz, ksir, OWY, uSx, vrSlkJ, UPw, hqr, zEq, AOx, BCKuAA, YXgcX, pXpbmd, PmPQ, HjGfq, rtC, YrWo, EgCY, AuJOw, YWACeI, hueCd, rcSw, pGxCzR, kLqHzl, mBiJ, yewRe, tWlvC, wUltwp, pqr, fGqz, bDveIj, duF, ZOrc, NfjY, WCnZ, KQr, Hgu, MYgpN, MjqvAD, nVcjo, nauDK, LvcULZ, lKBwj, olB, KKNtc, ZcK, sHX, vre, SxniyF, sji, oxSFwT, JRXCDg, FWsmy, xqkyFd, ragZ, VWjCPw, gFShhB, inJSYi, ApJC, cNi, RcT, ZvfSrU, Ttrim, bKJ, RwxbO,
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