The catalyst creates a novel pathway that requires less activation energy. The addition of a modest amount of electrolyte has no effect. Note: Physical adsorption reduces after a period due to the creation of multilayers. We have provided all the information which you need for the revision of the individual topic. 2.16.12. In the presence of colloidal platinum, \[{\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\] decomposes. General Methods of Preparation of Colloids, A colloidal sulphur solution can be made by bubbling oxygen (or any other oxidising agent such as, \[{\text{HN}}{{\text{O}}_3},{\text{B}}{{\text{r}}_2}\]. Initial examination generally starts with the determination of total solids, volatile matter, and water intended for mass balance calculations. In general, gastrointestinal irritation is self-limiting. The catalyst cannot start the reaction: The catalyst's role is to change the rate of the reaction rather than to initiate it. Sodium salts of fatty acids are used as soap. They have a cage that looks like a honeycomb. A substitute for sodium silicate as a gangue dispersant. As a result, their charge is neutralised, causing the uncharged particles to clump together and coagulate or precipitate. 5.5.1. Each of the foams was then spread to a thickness of about 6 mm on a jute fabric, exposed for 30 seconds under a bank of infra-red lamps at 8 kw/m. Near-infrared (from 13000 to 4000cm1) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) (from 4000 to 400cm1) spectroscopies are used. This is because acetic acid is formed, which acts as an auto-catalyst in the reaction. Powders are a mixture of builders, such as phosphates, metasilicate and carbonates, with surfactants such as dode-cylbenzene sulphonates and fatty alcohol ethoxylates (C9C15 alcohol cuts + 69 EO) absorbed onto the powder. The resulting foam rises to the surface, where mineral particles that have been wetted with oil are absorbed, while earthy debris sinks to the bottom. The activated charcoal is: Which of the following statements given about emulsions is incorrect? providing fabrics such as carpets with attached layers of foam rubber using sodium silicofluoride as gelling agent, experience has shown that it is difficult to maintain operations at the optimum amount of gelling agent since the "gel range" is too restricted, especially with a highly loaded compound. Historically this was first used in the mining industry, where it was one of the great enabling technologies of the 20th century. [224][225], Sodium and potassium occur in all known biological systems, generally functioning as electrolytes inside and outside cells. 5.6.5. Optimization of internal phase viscosity and particle size of the silicone droplets in emulsion is critical when selecting appropriate silicones to use. 4.13. by oxalic acid is sluggish, but potassium permanganate can be reduced quickly. The catalyst is usually very specific: A catalyst is a material that speeds up the rate of a process. Because they can be precipitated and changed straight into colloidal state, they are reversible in nature. Adsorbate refers to a material that is adsorbed on any surface. Dilution Test: Dilute the emulsion with water. The other is passive and allows potassium to leak out of the cell. WebUS3650082A US888903A US3650082DA US3650082A US 3650082 A US3650082 A US 3650082A US 888903 A US888903 A US 888903A US 3650082D A US3650082D A US 3650082DA US 3650082 A US3650082 A US 3650082A Authority US United States Prior art keywords boron treated cartonboard discoloration panels Prior art date 1969-12-29 Legal For example, if a gas is adsorbed on the surface of a solid, the gas is referred to as the adsorbate. .05 to .25 A foamable compounded acid-coagulable latex composition comprising a latex of a rubbery polymer, an alkali metal fluosilicate gelling agents and at least 0.5 part of a water-soluble ammonium or amine sulfamate, said part being by weight per 100 parts by weight of dry solids in the uncompounded starting latex, said sulfamate being one which hydrolyzes in water at elevated temperatures but which remains substantially unhydrolyzed in water at ambient temperatures and being one in which the ammonium or amine radical is derived from an amine (including ammonia) which has a boiling point in the range of -35 C. and +300 C. 10. Lightweight composite or mineral foam composite materials can be made from reactive materials such as metal oxides. The gizmo that replaces your kidneys. W/O Emulsion (Water-in-Oil): A water-in-oil emulsion is an emulsion in which water serves as the dispersed phase and the oil serves as the dispersion medium. Physisorption, or Vander Waal's adsorption, is another name for this type of adsorption. When an electric field is used, the particles now move (electrophoresis). Standard shampoo formulations contain two types of surfactants (either two anionic or one anionic and one amphoteric surfactant); foam booster (nonionic surfactant); conditioner, viscosity improver, opacifier, dye, perfume, chelate, and preservatives. Electro-Osmosis: In this process, a semipermeable membrane prevents scattered particles from migrating. It may be argued that they are related to, rather than being chemical compounds, insofar as the variability in their compositions is often due to either the presence of foreign elements trapped within the crystal structure of an otherwise known true chemical compound, or due to perturbations in structure relative to the known compound that arise because of an excess of deficit of the constituent elements at places in its structure; such non-stoichiometric substances form most of the crust and mantle of the Earth. Coagulation or Flocculation or Precipitation. Associated colloids are chemicals that, when dissolved in a medium, behave as conventional electrolytes at low concentrations but, due to the production of aggregated particles, behave as colloidal particles at larger concentrations. Adsorption is a fast, instantaneous process, whereas absorption is a lengthy process. [5] A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, using chemical symbols for the chemical elements, and subscripts to indicate the number of atoms involved. 5.1.2. The following are the properties that most catalytic reactions have in common. 4. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reaction of, is taken up by the blood in the tissues, and the reverse reaction occurs when, \[{\text{E + S }} \rightleftharpoons {\text{ ES}}\], \[{\text{E }} \to {\text{ }}\left[ {{\text{EP}}} \right]{\text{ }} \to {\text{ E + P}}\], Activity refers to a catalyst's ability to speed up chemical reactions. Adsorption of this sort is also known as chemisorption Langmuir adsorption. Figure36.5. 4.14.2. 3.1.4. The catalyst creates a novel pathway that requires less activation energy. Then, hold still as the product is absorbed. Both types of charges are present in the second layer. \[{\text{Vegetable oils}}\left( {\text{l}} \right){\text{ + }}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\left( {\text{g}} \right){\text{ }}\xrightarrow{{{\text{Ni}}\left( {\text{s}} \right)}}{\text{Vegetable Ghee}}\left( {\text{g}} \right)\]. When selecting fragrance, it is very critical that the fragrance company developing the fragrance has access to the shampoo base as well as the fragrance profile for the fragrance. The emulsified globules are usually on the range of 106m in size. 4.14.8. As a result of the reduction of potassium permanganate, mercuric chloride is reduced. During the decomposition time, the Catalyst will again get back to its standard form, and no change will be observed in it. [200] Pure sodium metal also has many applications, including use in sodium-vapour lamps, which produce very efficient light compared to other types of lighting,[201][202] and can help smooth the surface of other metals. A substitute for sodium silicate as a gangue dispersant. 2.16.14. The oppositely charged ions in the sol balance the charge on the colloidal particles. Electrophoresis (Electrophoresis): Colloidal particles travel towards the oppositely charged electrode in electrophoresis. If we use a massive amount of force, these mixtures will mix up in each other, but they will again split up from one another with time. 8. Ultra-filter paper is used to separate colloids, and ultra-filtration is the process of using ultra-filters to separate colloids. , sulphur oxide, etc.) Some examples of homogeneous catalysis are listed below. The following are some examples. A compound can be transformed into a different substance by a chemical reaction, which may involve interactions with other substances. \[{\text{KCl}}\]). At first, the emulsifier is mixed in with the oil and water. In the United States the colors that are typically used in shampoos are aqueous solutions of Blue # 1, Yellow # 5, Green # 3, Red # 33 and Violet # 2. and Keiter, R.L. Solution viscosity of the polymer per se is a useful parameter to which to refer, although there is not always a linear relationship with the viscosity of the final product. In Haber's method, nitrogen and hydrogen combine to generate ammonia in the presence of finely split iron. Then, hold still as the product is absorbed. This is probably initiated by gut cell potassium receptors that detect ingested potassium and trigger, The predictive or circadian system increases renal secretion of potassium during mealtime hours (e.g. Desiccation or Dehumidification: Certain substances, such as silica and alumina (Al2 O3), have a significant tendency to absorb water. Isolation of different classes of surfactants (anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic surfactants) from the organic fraction is realized by ion exchange, column and thin layer chromatography, and liquidliquid extraction. The extent of adsorption increases significantly with pressure at low temperatures. With ammonium acetate, gelation takes place in too short a time and thus storage for any length of time is impossible. A composition is claimed in claim 9 wherein the gelling agent is sodium silicofluoride, the sulfamate is ammonium sulfamate and the pH is at least 9.5. Hair conditioners, broadly speaking, are meant to restore those desirable components or qualities of hair that are removed or degraded by shampooing. Soap and detergents adsorb on the contact, lowering the surface tension between the filth and the cloth, allowing the dirt to be removed. Given below, we have tried to explain each important topic required to be included in the ch 5 chemistry Class 12 notes. The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) is a continuously updated online version of the CFR. "The chemistry of the Elements" by Greenwood and Earnshaw, 2nd edition, Elsevier, "Inorganic Chemistry" by Cotton and Wilkinson, Huheey, J.E. Lyophilic and lyophobic sols are more stable than lyophilic and lyophobic sols. L. Rhein, in Handbook for Cleaning/Decontamination of Surfaces, 2007. [241] Rats can survive up to 50% substitution of potassium by rubidium. [237][239] Partial substitution is quite possible and rather non-toxic: a 70kg person contains on average 0.36g of rubidium, and an increase in this value by 50 to 100 times did not show negative effects in test persons. As solids they are almost always electrically insulating, but when melted or dissolved they become highly conductive, because the ions are mobilized. WebA molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. [215][217] The alkali metals must be stored under mineral oil or an inert atmosphere. In the treatment of diseases, a variety of medications are adsorbed on germs, killing them, or on tissues, heating them. Because of Selective Ion Adsorption: The particles that make up the dispersed phase selectively adsorb only those ions that are common with their own lattice ions. 4.10.2. Unless the amount of sodium silicofluoride added is controlled very carefully to keep it within the gel-range for the existing foaming conditions, crazing, cracking or areas of collapse are encountered in the resulting foam rubber products. S.M. Solubili ty of this salt is greater than sodium lauryl sulphate, hence also serves as a solvent for non-polar ingredients. ISO 1:2016 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Standard reference temperature for the specification of geometrical and dimensional properties; ISO GUIDE 1:1972 Presentation of International Standards and technical reports [Withdrawn without replacement] IWA 1:2005 Quality management systems Guidelines for process WebThe alkali metals consist of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). Primarily, this type of bond occurs between elements that fall close to each other on the periodic table of elements, yet it is observed between some metals and nonmetals. The eye creams argyrol and protargyrol are colloidal silver solutions. However, buildup of sebum on the skin and hair is perceived by modern consumers to be unclean and undesirable. Shampoo was developed to replace soap for cleansing scalp and hair by removing unwanted sebum, dandruff, environmental dust, and residues ", An electrolyte's coagulating power is proportional to its surface area proportional to the valency of active ions (ions that cause damage coagulation). 2.8.4. The extent of adsorption is directly proportional to the adsorbent's surface area; that is, the larger the adsorbent's surface area, the greater the extent of adsorption. These are thin glass plates coated with gelatin and a fine silver bromide suspension. 3.1.6. Because the size of the particles of solute in real solutions is so minute that they can't be recognised by any optical means and freely diffuse through membranes, they can't be detected by any optical methods. 3.3.1. 4.8.5. However, the solvent from the solution may be absorbed by the adsorbent in some situations, causing the solution's concentration to rise above its initial concentration. [11]:71 Pure rubidium and caesium metals are produced by reducing their chlorides with calcium metal at 750C and low pressure. Arrhenius had it around 80 years earlier, including the part about weathering of silicate rocks. By shaking freshly synthesised ferric hydroxide with water containing 3 Fe or OH ions, i.e. Magnesium aluminum silicate [18] acts as a thickener to help the spread of the product itself, making it sit more comfortably on the skin once its applied. 2.16.9. The following are some of the elements that influence gas adsorption on solid surfaces. One example is potassium superoxide, KO2, an orange solid that acts as a portable source of oxygen and a carbon dioxide absorber. Pure chemicals or solutions can make up the two bulk phases. At even higher concentrations, as the surfactant saturates the surface, the hydrophobic groups orient out of the surface plane and the interactions between neighboring hydrophobic groups cause the surfactant monolayer to behave as a two-dimensional solid.19 When sufficient surfactant molecules are adsorbed to form a monolayer, the surface properties are dominated by the hydrophobic groups of the surfactant and the surface energy becomes essentially the surface energy associated with hydrophobic group interaction. US3650082A US888903A US3650082DA US3650082A US 3650082 A US3650082 A US 3650082A US 888903 A US888903 A US 888903A US 3650082D A US3650082D A US 3650082DA US 3650082 A US3650082 A US 3650082A Authority US United States Prior art keywords boron treated cartonboard discoloration panels Prior art date 1969-12-29 Legal status (The legal 2022 The Author(s). Because ferric hydroxide (+ve sol) and arsenious sulphide (ve sol) are mixed, both sols can be partially or totally precipitated. [98] Radioisotopes of francium would presumably be dangerous as well due to their high decay energy and short half-life, but none have been produced in large enough amounts to pose any serious risk. Owner name: Liu, Jinlian & Yin, Zhoulan & Li, Xinhai & Hu, Qiyang & Liu, Wei. The main function of each of these products is to remove dirt, grime, and sebum from the surface of skin and hair. In coal mines, this system is used to adsorb harmful gases (e.g. Emulsification is used to digest lipids in the gut. Solid state crystal structures have been determined for many complexes of alkali metal ions in small peptides, nucleic acid constituents, carbohydrates and ionophore complexes. Coagulation occurs as a result of this. 5.5.2. If the pores of regular filter paper are reduced by soaking it in a gelatin or colloidion solution and then hardened by soaking it in formaldehyde, the treated filter paper may trap colloidal particles while allowing real solution particles to escape. The hard water is forced to travel through a zeolite-filled column (sodium aluminium silicate). Some consumers also believe that silicone-free shampoo is a healthier or more environmentally friendly way to choose. 2.14.3 Adsorption is proportional to the adsorbent's surface area. Toxicity can occur when children ingest one teaspoon or more of 1% lindane shampoo. WebShampoo is a basic hair care product representing the largest segment of hair care cosmetics. Elements that fall close to each other on the periodic table tend to have similar electronegativities, which means they have a similar affinity for electrons. Greater foam stability and formulation viscosity can be achieved by incorporation of fatty acid alkanolamides, betaines or amine oxides. The large head group of the amino acid-based surfactants is an unfavorable factor in forming extensive wormlike micelles for high viscosity.21 Adding sodium chloride usually is not highly effective in increasing viscosity of the amino acidbased surfactant systems. [213] Studies on the light emitted by laser-trapped francium-210 ions have provided accurate data on transitions between atomic energy levels, similar to those predicted by quantum theory. Ammonia production utilising iron as a catalyst. With time as the concentration of the reactants keeps increasing on the surface, the availability, and probability of the reaction to take place between the two reactants increases, making the rate of reaction increases. A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds. The gap between the mill's discs is controlled such that coarse suspension is subjected to a high shearing force, resulting in colloidal particles. With the Catalyst's help, the chemist tries to alter the activation energy or, in some cases, make a different reaction mechanism that has the lower activation energy required to give out products. Surface tension is usually expressed in linear dimensions (e.g., millinewtons/meter). The content of surfactants in a shampoo is typically between 10% and 20%. These include natural rubber latex, synthetic rubber latices in which anionic water-soluble alkali metal, ammonium or amine salts based on rosin acids or C. The latex compositions may be used for the production of foam rubber-backed fabrics, particularly carpets, and for the manufacture of unattached foam rubber sheeting and molded foam articles. The flocculating ion, which is the ion carrying charge opposite to the charge on the colloidal particles, relies on the valency of the active ion. [222][223] Its biochemistry, the way it is handled by the human body and studies using rats and goats suggest that it is an essential trace element, although the natural biological function of lithium in humans has yet to be identified. However, the particles are smaller than those found in suspensions. [226][227] The concentration differences of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells, known as the membrane potential. The phenomena of adsorption has given rise to chromatographic analysis, a good technique of analysis. Undiluted to grinding circuit. Changes in temperature affect the rate of catalytic reactions in the same way that they occur in the absence of a catalyst: The catalytic power of a catalyst increases as the temperature rises, but after a particular temperature, its power begins to decline. Shampoo is typically in the form of a viscous liquid with some exception of waterless solid form such as a bar. Positive Catalysis: When a foreign material accelerates the pace of a reaction, it is called a positive catalyst and the phenomenon is known as positive catalysis. A chemical formula specifies the number of atoms of each element in a compound molecule, using the standard chemical symbols with numerical subscripts. The reaction is slow at first, but it picks more speed as time goes on. A. Manayi, S. Saeidnia, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), 2014. Lauroamphoacetates are ultramild surfactants used in baby shampoos and mild facial cleansers and baby washes. It has been said that the advertising, package, fragrance and color sell the first bottle of shampoo and the performance of the product sells the second bottle. Delta Formation (Coagulation): River water is made up of negatively charged colloidal clay particles. This led to four deaths and serious injuries from radiation exposure. Also, they work as a thickening agent by increasing the viscosity of the continuous phase in the emulsification. [228] Sodium chloride (also known as common salt) is the principal source of sodium in the diet, and is used as seasoning and preservative, such as for pickling and jerky; most of it comes from processed foods. WebBrain health* Eye health* Overall well-being* Heart health* B-vitamins and zinc may help support normal brain function through their roles in carbohydrate metabolism. The existence of, ions, which are generated during the process, causes this acceleration. Because mutual forces of repulsion between similarly charged particles prevent them from coalescing and coagulating when they get closer to one another, the existence of equal and similar charges on colloidal particles is largely responsible for the system's stability. At least 0.5 parts by weight of the sulfamate should be used per 100 parts by weight of dry solids in the starting uncompounded latex. The following types of catalytic reactions can be generally classified: 3.1.1. As a result of electrostatic repulsion, they are unable to draw closer together and form aggregates. (iii) Activated or animal charcoal is used to decolorize sugar solution. 4.12.5. For instance, mild skin cleansing formulations containing glycolipid biosurfactants with hair cleansing claims have been patented [228, 229]. Sulfate-free shampoos and silicone-free shampoos may not be simply achieved by removing these ingredients from the shampoo, requiring new technology innovations. 2.16.11. When interfiber friction between hair fibers is reduced, there is less resistance to movement, so people may feel that hair is soft and easy to comb. If the concentration of the two \[{\text{Ca}}\] ions is increased rapidly enough, the emulsion type is reversed, and the oil-in-water emulsion becomes a water-in-oil emulsion. A substance can only be referred to as a colloidal solution if its molecules present in the dispersed phase are larger than the other molecules' size but still small enough to be not seen by the naked eye. (between 15,000 and 1,000,000 g/mol) Enzymes are particularly good catalysts because they produce colloidal solutions in water. Surfactants emulsify oily dirt on hair and scalp, then the dirt can be pulled into water and washed off easily (Fig. [198], Lithium, sodium, and potassium have many applications, while rubidium and caesium are very useful in academic contexts but do not have many applications yet. Undiluted to grinding circuit. When a gas is adsorbed, the molecules' freedom of movement is restricted. (i) In comparison to hard non-porous materials, porous and finely powdered solids, such as charcoal and fullers earth, absorb more. It is based on the dialysis principle. Polyethoxylated surfactants are the largest group of nonionics; they may contain trace levels of ethylene oxide or 1,4-dioxane, both of which have been classified as probable carcinogens. The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) is a continuously updated online version of the CFR. Other examples are disappearing cream and others. Because gases are entirely miscible, there is no interface between them. The adsorption phenomenon has a wide range of uses. The materials and procedures heretofore used in the production of latex foam rubber articles are generally applicable to the novel latex compositions of the present invention. Potassium is a silvery-white metal that is soft enough to be cut with a knife with little force. Preservatives such as quaternium-15, imidiazolidinyl urea, and diazolidinyl urea function through the release of trace amounts of formaldehyde. Long-term dialysis removes practically all traces of the electrolyte contained in the sol, making the colloids unstable. Rubidium has no known biological role, but may help stimulate metabolism,[237][238][239] and, similarly to caesium,[237][240] replace potassium in the body causing potassium deficiency. Dispersion Medium (Continuous Phase): This is the component that is usually present in excess and functions similarly to a solvent in a solution. These are released and precipitated when they come into prolonged contact with the electrode. Unlike manual dishwashing, which relies heavily on physical scrubbing to remove soiling, the mechanical dishwasher cleans by spraying hot water, typically between 45 and 75 C (110 and 170 F), at the dishes, with lower temperatures of water used for 135. code Description Unit ; 9 10 I II; 0000.00-011: 4: 0000.00-011: AIRCRAFTS'STORES(EX.FUELS ETC)F/FOOD ETC Lithium stearate is a thickener and can be used to make lubricating greases; it is produced from lithium hydroxide, which is also used to absorb carbon dioxide in space capsules and submarines. If some alcohol is added to chloroform, the oxidation by air is slowed. 4.9.3. Elschenbroich, C. "Organometallics" (2006) Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. In this process, bonds between atoms may be broken and/or new bonds formed. Step 2: The enzyme-substrate complex is dissociated to yield the products. The diffusion theory of catalysis can be used to describe the mechanism of such surface reactions. Because the dye is adsorbed on the solid precipitate, it turns blue. 36.5.6 It is clearly observable that hair surface treated with silicone becomes smoother and covered with a thin protective layer. In this process, bonds between atoms are broken in both of the interacting compounds, and then bonds are reformed so that new associations are made between atoms. In hydrocarbons only dispersion forces are present between the molecules, and the resulting surface tension is relatively low (0.0200.030N/m). colloids, have a charge. 2.14.4 Solute concentration in the solution. Among the most frequently used are the amphoteric glycinates [39], an example of which is sodium lauroamphoacetate. There are two types of Catalysts, and the first one is Homogenous catalysis, in which they are present in the same phase as that of reactants. For aqueous phases in the absence of oil, at very low surfactant concentrations the amphipathicity expels surfactant molecules to the surface, a process called adsorption. Together with caesium-134, iodine-131, and strontium-90, caesium-137 was among the isotopes distributed by the Chernobyl disaster which constitute the greatest risk to health. When writing the chemical formula for an ion, its net charge is written in superscript immediately after the chemical structure for the molecule/atom. This partially melted rock is a transition between metamorphic and Generally, you can purchase all these DIY laundry detergent ingredients at your local grocery store: A 55-ounce box of Arm & Hammer Super Washing Soda = $3.99; 76-ounce box of 20 Mule Team Borax = $4.99; 10 pack of 4.5-ounce bars of Ivory Bar Soap; Note on ingredients: use whatever ingredients you are comfortable with.To explain, some On the second layer, the net charge is the same as on the fixed section. From a cosmetic-removal point of view, sebum is the semifluid secretion of the sebaceous glands of mammals, consisting chiefly of fat, keratin, and cellular material.7 Sebum serves to protect and lubricate the skin and hair. Adsorption is accompanied by the evolution of heat, the amplitude of adsorption should decrease as temperature rises, according to the Le-principle. formation and evolution of the solar system, Reactions of the alkali metals with water, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, "History of the recommended atomic-weight values from 1882 to 1997: a comparison of differences from current values to the estimated uncertainties of earlier values", "Visual Elements: Group 1 The Alkali Metals", "On some new phenomena of chemical changes produced by electricity, in particular the decomposition of the fixed alkalies, and the exhibition of the new substances that constitute their bases; and on the general nature of alkaline bodies", "Petalite: Petalite mineral information and data", "WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Lithium | historical information", "The Internet Database of Periodic Tables", "C&EN: It's Elemental: The Periodic Table Cesium", "Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen", "The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table", "The Twilight of the Naturally-Occurring Elements: Moldavium (Ml), Sequanium (Sq) and Dor (Do)", Francium (Atomic Number 87), the Last Discovered Natural Element, "Heavy isotope production by multinucleon transfer reactions with, "transuranium element (chemical element)", "Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements", "Die Molekularstruktur der radioaktiven Atome", "The Evolution of the Elements and the Stability of Complex Atoms.