reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf

By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. This is because most of the power (financial and. Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. /Type /Page 3 0 obj I love this article,very educating and interesting It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.8, no.2, . Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Post-independence creation of states and further division of states created after independence was done as a framework for the development of Nigeria. Roxy Horner biography: who is Jack Whitehalls girlfriend? 1. Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. MCC Vol 2 No 1 Article 04.pdf, GJ #2018, 2, Globalization and Federation in Peril: Renewed Agitations for Statehood and the Future of Nigerian State, by A. M. Maigari and U. Dantani, GLOBALIZATION AND FEDERATION IN PERIL: RENEWED AGITATIONS FOR STATEHOOD AND THE FUTURE OF NIGERIAN STATE, RESTRUCTURING NIGERIA: BEYOND POLITICAL RHETORIC AND THE MORAL PANIC, PDF copy of Published paper on Agitation and restructuring.pdf, ESSAYS ON RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AS A PEREMPTORY NORM AND THE LIMITATION IN EXERCISING THAT RIGHT.pdf, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Legal Aid Journal of Legal Issues Vol. It also decided that the Public . Prior to independence, it is believed that the British adopted federalism because it favored their interest. /Resources << Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. welcome, and thanks for reading us. Fourthly, there shall be the existence of court to interpret the constitution as it applies to cases and conflicts among the tiers of government. You are already subscribed to our newsletter! Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. It is our pleasure. a group of selected academic teachers this book is suitable for adoption as a resource for a case driven approach to teaching "Corporate Governance" courses at an upper undergraduate or graduate level. British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. /Font << As a result, issues relating to marginalization, economic imbalance, social alienation, ethnic suspicion and superior-subordination contestation are recurring malaises in the system. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. Your email address will not be published. 1. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. If you answer to the above questions is no, then you lucky to be here. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of . As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. 7. << And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. Why indirect rule succeeded in Northern Nigeria, SEE REASONS HERE. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's This feature of federalism is widely believed to be a veritable framework for even and need-sensitive development. June 1,2022 Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. This notwithstanding, the concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. /Filter /FlateDecode 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? Such arrangement would inter alia breed neglect, frustration and aggression; no thanks to the red-tape inherent in unitarism. Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. /F5 18 0 R Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. Fear of insecurity and the desire for a Union Meaning of federalism? (Tanzi, 1996). The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. /Contents 4 0 R Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: %PDF-1.5 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| Is there high propensity or likelihood of exclusion, marginalization and relative deprivation, which was to engender obsessive mutual antagonism? Rt. /Length 3884 The Emergence of Nigeria as a political entity under colonial rule was not an easy affair. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. However, that is not so in a federal government system. Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. The Plural nature of Nigeria. Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . Excellent, thanks a lot f In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. History of federal system of government in nigeria. In 1939 sir Bernard Bourdillion made a serious constitutional proposal which concluded having regional councils with a central council in Lagos. 3. Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. RESTRUCTURE OR DISINTEGRATE, OFFICIAL CORRUPTION AND THE DILEMA OF INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA, The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The Global, National and Regional Precipitants, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Giving Peace a Chance in Nigeria: The Case for a Preventive Diplomacy, Framing of Neo-Biafra Agitations in Selected Nigerian Newspapers, CRISES OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE BELT REGION, Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. stream Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. /Type /XObject At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties. This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder, Best Lawyers In The World (With Pictures): Top 10 Most Popular, Factors that Limits Independence of the Judiciary in Nigeria, Statute of Fraud: Contracts Required to be in Writing, Advantages And Disadvantages Of a Limited Liability Company (LLC), Richest Christian Musicians In The World: Top 10 Wealthiest, Countries With The Highest Minimum Wage 2022: Top 13, Best Handworks/Skills To Learn In Nigeria 2023: Top 12 Most Lucrative, Richest Engineers In Nigeria 2022: Top 10 Highest Paid, Cheapest Places to Live in the United Kingdom 2022: 12 Most Affordable, Cheapest Places/Cities To Live In Nigeria 2022. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. federalism, a heavily coercive effort by a nondemocratic centralizing power to put together a multinational state, some of the components of which had previously been independent states. It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. 3. Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting . The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. /F4 15 0 R The chief architect of this theory is Riker. Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria By Professor Sakah Saidu Mahmud Kwara State University, Malete 1. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. /F2 9 0 R The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? But besides these three major tribes, there are over 350 other smaller tribes with diverse languages and dialects. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Also see: Historical constitutional development in Nigeria explained. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. It will schock you to know Nigerias adoption of federalism was also in the interest of the leaders. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. Also see: Reasons why lawyers wear wigs to court, Origin and nature of federalism in Nigeria. Moreover, One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. Insecurity and the desire for union are the main reasons for the shift from unitary system of government to federal system of government in 1954. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. Federalism in India. There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. Defence, Security, Economy and Development, Chigozirim Odinkalu, Ebenebe Ernest Onyeka, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (eJECS), International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS), Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. The federal government however has occupied a very strong position vis--vis the State and Local government since the 1970's in Nigeria. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. Adobe d C This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. The states were later increased to 30 states. But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. << Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. Required fields are marked *. It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. 2. We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. As a heterogeneous state, Nigeria operates a federal structure which accommodates a Central government and sub-national, otherwise, state governments with several other municipal administrations; local government, therefore enabling a tripartite level of governance. % /F3 12 0 R This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. Since a strong bond links the process through which constitutions are produced and their degree of acceptance and effectiveness, questions over the Constitutions legitimacy prompted parliament to amend it in 2010. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. Population of the country Payment Details. Moreover, it is important to note that most of the ethnic groups in Nigeria had strong political inter-group relationship before colonial rule. Thus, Nigeria's federalism is not only complex but also hard to understand. There is no doubt that geographical factored are one of the influential reasons for federalism in Nigeria. /F6 21 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history.